From LISTSERV@uacsc2.albany.edu Tue Jan 5 16:04:04 1993 Date: Tue, 5 Jan 1993 16:03:04 -0500 From: Revised List Processor (1.7e) Subject: File: "EJRNL V2N3" To: pirmann@trident.usacs.rutgers.edu _______ _______ __ / _____/ /__ __/ / / / /__ / / ____ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ____ / / / ___/ __ / / / __ \ / / / / / //__/ / //_ \ / __ \ / / / /____ / /_/ / / /_/ / / /_/ / / / / / / / / /_/ / / / \_____/ \____/ \____/ \____/ /_/ /_/ /_/ \__/_/ /_/ August, 1992 _EJournal_ Volume 2 Number 3 ISSN# 1054-1055 There are 730 lines in this issue. An Electronic Journal concerned with the implications of electronic networks and texts. 2680 Subscribers in 38 Countries University at Albany, State University of New York ejournal@albany.bitnet CONTENTS: Editorial Notes - [ Begin at line 62 ] Letters about V2N2 (David Coniam on "Literacy ....") from Peter Graham [ Begins at line 92 ] from Bret Pettichord [ Begins at line 147 ] from Philip Taylor [ Begins at line 254 ] from Alvanir Carvalho [ Begins at line 343 ] [ To get V2N2, send to LISTSERV@ALBANY the one-line message GET EJRNL V2N2 ] Letter about e-journal layout, ASCII, bandwidth [ Begins at line 379 ] from Murry Christensen Announcement from Joe Raben about SCHOLAR [ Begins at line 477 ] Inquiry from Michel Lenoble about Computer Generated Literature [ Begins at line 555 ] Information - [ Begins at line 616 ] About Subscriptions and Back Issues About Supplements to Previous Texts About Letters to the Editor About Reviews About _EJournal_ People - [ Begins at line 689 ] Board of Advisors Consulting Editors [line 53] ******************************************************************************** * This electronic publication and its contents are (c) copyright 1992 by * * _EJournal_. Permission is hereby granted to give away the journal and its * * contents, but no one may "own" it. Any and all financial interest is hereby * * assigned to the acknowledged authors of individual texts. This notification * * must accompany all distribution of _EJournal_. * ******************************************************************************** Editorial Notes - This is our first "letters" issue. There have been five responses to David Coniam's essay about children and keyboards (and to my editorial). One of them was a request to reprint his piece in the _Journal of Computing in Childhood Education_. One, from Brazil, was a report of a "test," of sorts, of David's hypothesis. I have not been able to reach David to solicit his replies to the writers, but I am taking advantage of the medium to share the letters now, knowing that we can distribute his reactions to them, if he wants us to, as soon as we do reestablish electronic contact. There is also an "unprovoked" letter to the editor, this one about the ways that network transmission constricts communication in one dimension even as it makes exchanges quick and easy in another. There are also an announcement and an inquiry that seem related to _Ejournal_'s purpose and (probably) to our readers' interests. Han Geurdes has had to resign as a Consulting Editor. I am canvassing ten people who have asked about joining that group to see if they are still interested, and would be happy to receive names, addresses, interests and "qualifications" from anyone else who would like to be in the queue. _EJournal_ would especially like to look at essays about virtual reality (including MUDs) and about interactive fiction (hypertext make-believe). Robert Coover's article "The End of the Book" in the NYTimes Book Review of 6/21/92 pointed to _EJournal_ as a place where such essays appear; a review of Stuart Moulthrop's _Victory Garden_ would seem especially appropriate. Any volunteers? [line 90] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Mid-June, 1992 Editor, _EJournal_] A few comments on 2.2 just received: 1) The jargon reference to text being "privileged" over sound was jarring to me. I associate it with a school of historical and literary analysis. Is that an explicit association you intend? Outside of that context, use of that verb is unusual and I suspect unnecessary. 2) I found David Coniam's article on handwriting and keyboarding fairly self-indulgent. In spite of the seeming authentication lent by the references, the assertions in the paper seemed to me very ad hoc and anecdotal. His early references to the times-tables seemed ambiguous to me: should we or should we not memorize them? If not, what other means is there than rote, or going through numerous repetitive exercises? In memorizing a poem, for example, I don't pretend to be trying to feel and understand its meaning as I work on each line and phrase; yet having memorized it I feel I have something of enormous value that comes back for years. Coniam's swipe at Latin is another example of an assertion, not backed up, and for questionable purpose. Perhaps he doesn't like Latin; that's his privilege. But many people have found it indeed an aid to thought and expression even in English; his blanket condemnation is just as ad hoc as their own approval. I'm delighted to hear of the successes and progress of his child, but it doesn't seem of a whole lot of generalizable use to me. Does the editorial board listed at the end of Ejournal do reviews and comments of mss? Did they on this one? --Peter Graham, Rutgers University. [Editor's reply, 15 June 1992] Dear Peter - Thanks for your letter about _EJournal_ v2n2. May we consider it a formal (or even informal) "letter to the editor," intended for publication? David Coniam might want to respond -- or might not. [line 131] Meanwhile, my quick answers to two of your questions: I didn't mean to sound like an advocate of a particular "school" of analysis, but I do find that the way I thought I was using "privilege" strikes chords in me that other phrasings do not. Perhaps "giving undue weight, by implication, [to sight] because of the absence of an alternative [hearing] not explicitly mentioned" would have been more thorough. But I'm not sure that that phrasing would have done the job as well as "priviliged" seemed to -- to me. The board does and did offer comments, suggestions, opinions, approvals, disapprovals; I alone am responsible for assessing the several responses and deciding whether to accept a particular essay. Thanks again for your thoughts. Best, Ted Jennings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Mid-June, 1992] To: Ted Jennings and David Coniam Re: Writing as punishment and work Ted, You mention [in the Editorial] that writing is often used as a punishment and that people often don't look forward to this. You mention that people rarely enjoy having to take notes at meetings. You contrast this with speech, which people don't have to learn at school and which is not a punishment. Anyway, i wonder if these reactions aren't better described as a difference between being told to do something and doing something on your own initiative. For example, people often take their own notes at meetings without displeasure. What makes the task possibly onerous is having to take them for everybody. This means that you'll have to make sure you don't forget anything that other people think is important, and the like. But people often dislike having to speak in front of other people as well. In regards to your and David Coniam's remarks on the future of handwriting, i'd just like to say that i have machines both at home and at work, but that when i'm working on serious writing, i prefer doing the first draft by hand on paper. Maybe i'm a luddite, but i can't look forward to a day when children will not know how to use a pen. [line 171] Also i wonder if it will really happen. A pocket calculator can now be purchased for the price of a notebook. But even to use one, one needs to know how to write letters in order to write down the results. The alternative would be to get a paper-tape calculator, but those are far more expensive. Will electronic keyboards and word processors someday be as common as calculators are today? Will you be able to buy one for ten bucks at the grocery store? Will it have a built in printer? What will the market be for such a device? Students, professionals, managers, anyone else? Would people use it for their grocery lists? What seems to me to be more likely is that a growing class of illiterates will be created alongside a computer-literate elite and that the computerization of education will accelerate the split between these two classes. Giving children a computer may enhance their sense of control over the world, but so would giving them a slave. But not all children are going to get computers, and those that don't will have their sense of control reduced. Also, for the price of one piece of decent educational software, i could get my son several perfectly fun and educational activity books. I used to teach logo to children. I once taught it to a three-year-old. My son is now 6 and i haven't taught it to him. Maybe i will someday, but he hasn't asked and i think it's more important to just encourage his drawing/writing skills, his vocabulary, and his social skills. That's a point that neither of you mention: learning to draw letters and to draw them well helps one learn how to draw. I think that people's general unwillingness to draw is more problematic than their unwillingness to write. I'm presently employed as a graphics software tester, but i still think that it is much easier to do quick sketches with pencil and paper than with a computer. On pen-based computing: it is not proposed as a replacement for a keyboard for those with a large amount of writing. Instead it is proposed as an interface to sales-forms, pocket calendars, and for marking comments on things other people have written. Whether these tasks will taken over by pen-based computers or not, they will require people to have hand writing skills. [line 212] You mention all the labor and thought that it takes to form letters and words by hand and contrast it with the ease of the computer. However, you ignore the fact that computers have a larger amount of overhead. I have to name the file, remember the name, save it or it will be lost. With paper none of this is necessary at all. Does your son know how to do this, or do you come in and help him? When you've finished drawing your letters, there they are, done. With a computer, you have to remember the print command. I still have to help my wife, much less my son, with this sometimes to get it to print right. With paper, this isn't even an issue. Regarding Papert's enthusiasm over computer's in the school: Children do well whenever they are given a lot of attention. Computers are one way of doing this. Is this the best way? Is this the most cost-effective? Will it provide better job training? I don't know, but i think that you and Papert are over-enthusiastic on these matters. Bret Pettichord bret@ileaf.com P.S. Ted, you should include the address you want letters to be sent to in "About Letters". [15-JUN-1992 11:02:35.55] Bret - I particularly appreciate your thoughts because you, too, are a witness to the environment David Coniam writes about. May I assume that your letter is indeed a "letter to the editor," and that you wouldn't mind our publishing it, with (or without) other letters, responses, etc.? Thanks, too, for the idea of putting _EJournal_'s address even closer to the note about Letters! I thought the address was in too many places, but I left it out of a crucial slot. Best, Ted Jennings [line 252] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Mid-June, 1992] Sir --- _EJ_, V2N2, raises some interesting questions to which I would like to respond. >>> Editorial 1 - Should we say goodbye to "text"? Surely not; everything that I have read so far in _EJ_ is, purely and simply, text (with the sole exception of the _EJ_ Logo). Unless and until contributions to _EJ_ contain non-textual elements, `text' will remain the most descriptive term for its content. >>> In contrast, the Mathematics section of the U.K. High Schools' National >>> Curriculum (1990) states that pupils still need to know their times tables, >>> but that the tables should not simply be rote-learnt. I do not have a copy of this document to hand, but I most sincerely hope that it does _not_ refer to their ``times tables''; the tables are _multiplication_ tables, and any reference to them as ``times'' tables will only encourage that most sloppy of usages, sadly only too common among today's comprehensively [sic] educated children, ``to times by'', meaning ``to multiply by''. > A popular slogan was "Learning Latin is good for your mind". What nonsense: >>> the learning of Latin was simply a test of memory and very little else. I think that as the author has permitted himself the use of ``What nonsense'', I may respond in kind: What nonsense: the learning of Latin forms the soundest basis not only for the learning of modern European tongues (many of which reveal their Latin or Greek origins in a most transparent way to the classically educated scholar), but also for the appreciation and understanding of one's own native tongue, be it or . If today's children were still educated in the classics, the nonsensical ``flammable'' designation now apparently mandatory on _inflammable_ substances would never have been deemed necessary for widespread comprehension. [line 292] >>> The typed instructions: >>> BK 200 LT 90 FD 100 >>> would produce a figure that resembles the letter "L," for instance. But how much better, surely, if the instructions had read Back 200 Left 90 Forward 100 such that the child would be using natural English commands, rather than a particularly arbitrary, cryptic and terse computerese. Is it entirely coincidental that cryptic consonant groups are becoming equally widespread both within (CD, LS, MV) and without (Toys Us, Fish N Chips) the computing domain? >>> The way in which written Chinese used to be taught in the first years of >>> Chinese primary schools (and still is in many schools in China and Hong >>> Kong) can be seen as representing an extreme of misplaced emphasis. Not >>> only was the order of the strokes in which one wrote a character >>> important, but considerable emphasis was also placed on the way the >>> brush that produced those strokes was held. Misplaced emphasis? Surely the most appropriate and correctly placed emphasis in the world. The fortunate Chinese child who is properly instructed in the ancient art of Chinese calligraphy will be able to produce manuscripts which are a joy to behold, even to those of us unfortunate enough not to be able to appreciate their semantics. Compare the elegance of the characters formed by traditional Chinese brush strokes with the puerile scribblings of the average European or American child whose only experience of a writing implement is a disposable ball-point pen. Once, Sir, we too valued a well-formed hand as a mark of education, and taught copperplate; now we regard the acquisition of _any_ skill in writing as a significant achievement, and teach only the most simple and rudimentary letter forms. The increasing use and ultimate ubiquity of the personal computer will simply hasten the day when literacy and numeracy finally cease to exist. [line 330] Yours provocatively, Philip Taylor, RHBNC. [15-JUN-1992 12:15:39.80] Dear Philip - Thanks for your provocative letter. We expect to assemble and distribute a bundle of "What Nonsense" communications, accompanied perhaps by David Coniam's responses. Best, Ted Jennings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Wed, 29 Jul 92 14:19:50 BS3 From: "alvanir carvalho - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" Subject: Letter to the Editor Illiteracy rate is quite high in Brazil. It is part of the reason for the backwardness of my country. Perhaps you folks would like to know that, after reading the article "Literacy for the Next Generation : Writing Without Handwriting" by David Coniam, Chinese University of Hong Kong I decided to give it a trial. As it happens, my wyfe and me do enjoy entertainning, from time to time, a 5 years old girl, the daughter of the concierge at our apartment building, in Rio de Janeiro. The parents of that girl are both illiterate so I undertook the job of teaching her to read and to write. She was already able to recognize some letters I did print on small peaces of papercard. However, after reading David Coniam's article, I asked the girl if she would like to use my electric typewriter ( for I do not have a micro computer in the house ). Her progress was astonishing. The girl was much excited about typing words she would already understand its meaning, such as the names of her parents and her own name. She is now able to formulate short sentences of her own. There is no doubt, however, how much more she would be learning if she would be able to use a micro computer. [line 370] My congratulations to David Coniam for his most useful "discovery". [Alvanir Caravalho alvanir@brlncc] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 24 Jul 92 09:58:15 EDT From: Murry Christensen <71521.2515@CompuServe.COM> Subject: letter to editor Greetings from the network nation. In keeping with the informality which is (at least partly) in keeping with one of the stated purposes of EJournal, I'd like to explore two related, though for the sake of clarity best kept distinct, issues which might be interesting to the readership (which is what?? an interesting question in itself, better suited to the survey inclined?). First, though, a quick precis of my background will make my interest in these topics more clear. MA in English Literature and writing from Univ. of Michigan, with BA minor in Philosophy. 15 years experience in the media business: starting with advertising typography and mechanical production; industrial multi-media (slide shows, theater/trade shows, videotape) as designer, writer, producer; information design (slides mostly) for financial, biotech, computer and telecommunications; interactive software and hypertext design and production. I list this not as some ticketpunching, credential-waving exercise, but to give a sense of what experience drives the following concerns. I'd be interested in seeing EJournal address in some form two issues that over time have come to concern me more and more: 1.) A consideration of the ways in which formal narrative structure might be adapted to or expanded by the capabilities provided by interactive software platforms. Hypertext linking, interactive "front-ends," direct manipulation of view point are a few of the new capabilities available to the author of narrative fiction. I've built several of these to varying degrees of sophistication. I've also been working on a more formal article and/or essay along these lines. In its best-realized form this article would itself be a hypertext, including examples of the kinds of interfaces described. But, in order for this to happen we'd (in the generic sense) have to confront the second of my concerns... [line 414] 2.) Is ANYBODY else out there as frustrated (to the point of beating my head against the monitor) by the absolute paucity of communication tools *actually* available to the _cyberspace_ communicator? :-( Look at this last sentence...what a pathetic arsenal of communication tools. And that pretty much exhausts what's available! This in a world that gives any user of any reasonably-competent word processor scaleable typefaces, embedded graphics, at least simple text linking. Yet the instant you want to make that "document" available to others on-line all the meaning inhering in anything other than raw ASCII text gets stripped away. Put it on the wire and instantly we all become visually disadvantaged (and I wouldn't be afraid to propose perhaps in some way intellectually-mangled also). A single example: the typographic industry spent several hundred years developing the _technic_ and the _technique_ to accomplish quite subtle feats of explicit and implicit communication, only to find that at the very moment the means became available to distribute that artifact in ways that would enrich all of us...it was all taken away. "The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away." I hope that I'm not the only one on whom the irony is not lost. Just as a simple metaphor, the kinds of academic publications that form the community of which EJournal is some (slightly renegade?) part are very conservative in general typographic and visual convention, extremely formal understates it, yet even they make use of a much broader range of cognitive clues, tools, and devices than does EJournal. I'm absolutely not arguing for the kind of wacked-out layout and typography you might see in "Mondo 2000" or "The Face," nor am I delivering any particular critique of EJournal (except as it provides an example of my point). But there are so many subtle aids to understanding that can't be crushed into the "ASCII cage." Reminds me of the story about the kindergarten teacher who began to find it difficult to talk to adults, so atrophied had the intellectual skills become. Until this loss of capability is acknowledged and remedied it seems to me (with my particular view of how the medium can be used) that much of the breathless discussion of millenarian impact is pretty hollow. Until we fix this "loss of band-width" we're only talking about distribution, not revolution...or at best a revolution hand-delivered, like 1848. At a cognitive level we might consider the ways in which the restricted vocabulary (in the larger sense I'm arguing for) offered by cyberspace as it currently exists is in fact "dumbing down" our discourse. Or the political implications of islands of capability (IBM vs. Mac vs. NEXT vs. whatever) which, if able to communicate at all, have to do so by stripping out all strictly non-textual, non-linear clues/cues before the words can pass the border. Pretty Stalinist? [line 461] I'll turn the word-machine off for this first pass, but these issues warrant some consideration and it seems like EJournal might be a good place to begin some discussion. I've tried other places (like CompuServe), but the conversation always seems to end up with endless chat about the merits of paint program A vs. paint program B. Not very rewarding. I hope this doesn't sound like a rant (except where I wanted it to), but I guess my frustration shows. All that (potential) capability and so little of it accessible. What a shame. Murry Christensen Art & Science, Inc. 71521.2515@compuserve.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Received from Joe Raben in June 1992] * * * * * * * * * The first release of SCHOLAR, an online news service for natural language processors, will be available in mid-August 1992. Its contents include Abstracts from the following journals: Computational Linguistics, 17:4 System, 19:1/2,3,4 Machine Translation, 6:1,2,3 Computers and the Humanities, 25:1,2/3,4,5 Reports on the following projects: A European Ph.D. in Linguistics CTI Center for Textual Studies Georgetown Center for Text and Technology ARTFL: American and French Research on the Tresor de la Langue francaise A short review of _Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind's Machine_ by James N. Nyce and Paul D. Kahn [line 501] A full-length review of _Hypermedia and Literary Stud- ies_ ed. Paul Delaney and Gedorge P. Landow A notice of WinGreek: Fonts for Greek and Hebrew A CD-ROM of Latin texts A calendar of language-processing-related events - - - - - - - - - To receive this and future releases by email, send a message to as follows: subscribe scholar [your full name] To receive this release by anonymous ftp send the following: ftp jhuvm.hcf.jhu.edu or ftp 128.220.2.2 At the login: prompt, type anonymous or SCHOLAR At the password: prompt, type [your own login id] To locate the SCHOLAR files, type get index.SCHOLAR [line 541] To close the connection, type quit - - - - - - Material for inclusion in future releases should be sent as e-mail to or mailed to SCHOLAR, P.O. Box F, New York NY 10028-0025. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Michel Lenoble asked that we publish his request for information about Computer Generated Literature west of the Atlantic. There's a sketch of CGL following Michel's note. Please send responses to lenoblem@ere.montreal.ca I am gathering information about Computer Generated Literature (CGL) in order to write a long article on the state of CGL on this side of the Atlantic. Information about bibliographical references, databanks, and e-adresses of persons or groups involved in CGL is especially welcomed. I seek information in particular about: - active groups or individuals or former researchers, including programmers and writers - different movements, associations, schools - published or distributed CGL texts, or anthologies, or journals - short stories, novels, poems or scenarios - monographs, journal articles, research papers devoted to CGL - references to CGL in "normally" written literary texts Computer Generated Literature (CGL) refers to fully automated literary text generation -- to literary texts produced by computer programs. CGL does not include literary texts written by human authors, even if they were written directly on computers. (One might debate whether Interactive Fiction (IF) and multi-authored literary texts (MALT) belong to the realm of CGL.) [line 579] A typology of Computer Generated Literary texts could be organized according to several different criteria, such as: - the starting data: vocabulary databases, knowledge bases, redaction rules, textual corpora, etc. - the generation programs: substitutional, aleatory, autonomous, interactive; typographical animation, modulatory programs with integrated auto-corrective functions, etc. - the various "types" of generated texts: full texts versus frames or scenarios, short stories, poems, unique finite texts versus infinite texts (perhaps interactive fiction and multi-authored texts), etc. - the transmission / inscription medium: printed texts, floppy texts, potential texts (literature to be generated when the user / reader starts the CGL program), etc. CGL appears to be more common in Europe and particularly in France, where it is part of a literary tendency to explore the limits of literary writing, literary texts and literariness. At its origin, we could mention combinatory literature, OULIPO endeavours, the automatists, etc. Nowadays, two or three Computer Generated Poetry reviews are regularly issued by active writer / programmer groups on floppy disks. One conference has already been organized, at Cerisy-la-Salle. Thank you for your help. =============================================================================== Michel Lenoble | Litterature Comparee | NOUVELLE ADRESSE - NEW E-MAIL ADDRESS Universite de Montreal | ---> lenoblem@ere.umontreal.ca C.P. 6128, Succ. "A" | MONTREAL (Quebec) | Tel.: (514) 288-3916 Canada - H3C 3J7 | =============================================================================== [line 614] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- I N F O R M A T I O N ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About Subscribing and Sending for Back Issues: In order to: Send to: This message: Subscribe to _EJournal_: LISTSERV@ALBANY.BITNET SUB EJRNL Your Name Get Contents/Abstracts of previous issues: LISTSERV@ALBANY.BITNET GET EJRNL CONTENTS Get Volume 1 Number 1: LISTSERV@ALBANY.BITNET GET EJRNL V1N1 Send mail to our "office": EJOURNAL@ALBANY.BITNET Your message... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About "Supplements": _EJournal_ is experimenting with ways of revising, responding to, reworking, or even retracting the texts we publish. Authors who want to address a subject already broached --by others or by themselves-- may send texts for us to consider publishing as a Supplement issue. Proposed supplements will not go through as thorough an editorial review process as the essays they annotate. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About Letters: _EJournal_ is willing publish letters to the editor. But we make no predictions about how many, which ones, or what format. The "Letters" column of a periodical is a habit of the paper environment, and _EJournal_ readers can send outraged objections to our essays directly to the authors. Also, we can publish substantial counterstatements as articles in their own right, or as "Supplements." Even so, when we get brief, thoughtful statements that appear to be of interest to many subscribers they will appear as "Letters." Please send them to EJOURNAL@ALBANY.bitnet . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About Reviews: [line 653] _EJournal_ is willing to publish reviews of almost anything that seems to fit under our broad umbrella: the implications of electronic networks and texts. We do not, however, solicit and thus cannot provide review copies of fiction, prophecy, critiques, other texts, programs, hardware, lists or bulletin boards. But if you would like to bring any publicly available information to our readers' attention, send your review (any length) to us, or ask if writing one sounds to us like a good idea. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About _EJournal_: _EJournal_ is an all-electronic, Matrix distributed, peer-reviewed, academic periodical. We are particularly interested in theory and practice surrounding the creation, transmission, storage, interpretation, alteration and replication of electronic text. We are also interested in the broader social, psychological, literary, economic and pedagogical implications of computer- mediated networks. The journal's essays are delivered free to Bitnet/Internet/ Usenet addressees. Recipients may make paper copies; _EJournal_ will provide authenticated paper copy from our read-only archive for use by academic deans or others. Individual essays, reviews, stories-- texts --sent to us will be disseminated to subscribers as soon as they have been through the editorial process, which will also be "paperless." We expect to offer access through libraries to our electronic Contents and Abstracts, and to be indexed and abstracted in appropriate places. Writers who think their texts might be appreciated by _EJournal_'s audience are invited to forward files to EJOURNAL@ALBANY.BITNET . If you are wondering about starting to write a piece for to us, feel free to ask if it sounds appropriate. There are no "styling" guidelines; we try to be a little more direct and lively than many paper publications, and considerably less hasty and ephemeral than most postings to unreviewed electronic spaces. We read ASCII; we look forward to experimenting with other transmission and display formats and protocols. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Board of Advisors: [line 689] Stevan Harnad Princeton University Dick Lanham University of California at L.A. Ann Okerson Association of Research Libraries Joe Raben City University of New York Bob Scholes Brown University Harry Whitaker University of Quebec at Montreal -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Consulting Editors - August 1992 ahrens@hartford John Ahrens Hartford ap01@liverpool.ac.uk Stephen Clark Liverpool userlcbk@umichum Bill Condon Michigan crone@cua Tom Crone Catholic University dabrent@acs.ucalgary.ca Doug Brent University of Calgary djb85@albnyvms Don Byrd University at Albany donaldson@loyvax Randall Donaldson Loyola College ds001451@ndsuvm1 Ray Wheeler North Dakota eng006@zeus.unomaha.edu Marvin Peterson University of Nebraska, Omaha erdt@pucal Terry Erdt Purdue Calumet fac_aska@jmuvax1 Arnie Kahn James Madison University folger@yktvmv Davis Foulger IBM - Watson Center george@gacvax1 G.N. Georgacarakos Gustavus Adolphus gms@psuvm Gerry Santoro Pennsylvania State University nrcgsh@ritvax Norm Coombs Rochester Institute of Technology pmsgsl@ritvax Patrick M. Scanlon Rochester Institute of Technology r0731@csuohio Nelson Pole Cleveland State University richardj@surf.sics.bu.oz Joanna Richardson Bond University, Australia ryle@urvax Martin Ryle University of Richmond twbatson@gallua Trent Batson Gallaudet wcooper@vm.ucs.ualberta.ca Wes Cooper Alberta -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- University at Albany Computing Services Center: Isabel Nirenberg, Bob Pfeiffer; Ben Chi, Director -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Editor: Ted Jennings, English, University at Albany Managing Editor: Ron Bangel, University at Albany -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- University at Albany State University of New York Albany, NY 12222 USA