+ Page 1 + ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review Volume 3, Number 2 (1992) ISSN 1048-6542 ----------------------------------------------------------------- To retrieve an article file as an e-mail message, send the GET command given after the article information to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet). To retrieve the article as a file, omit "F=MAIL" from the end of the GET command. CONTENTS COMMUNICATIONS The Development of a Graphical User Interface for The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials By Thomas B. Hickey and Terry Noreault (pp. 4-12) To retrieve this file: GET HICKEY PRV3N2 F=MAIL Electronic Publishing on Networks: A Selective Bibliography of Recent Works By Charles W. Bailey, Jr. (pp. 13-20) To retrieve this file: GET BAILEY PRV3N2 F=MAIL COLUMNS Recursive Reviews Artificial Intelligence, Libraries, and Information Retrieval By Martin Halbert (pp. 21-28) To retrieve this file: GET HALBERT PRV3N2 F=MAIL REVIEWS Library Resources on the Internet: Strategies for Selection and Use Reviewed by Caroline R. Arms (pp. 29-34) To retrieve this file: GET ARMS PRV3N2 F=MAIL + Page 2 + ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review Editor-in-Chief Charles W. Bailey, Jr. University Libraries University of Houston Houston, TX 77204-2091 (713) 743-9804 LIB3@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LIB3@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet) Associate Editors Columns: Leslie Pearse, OCLC Communications: Dana Rooks, University of Houston Reviews: Roy Tennant, University of California, Berkeley Editorial Board Ralph Alberico, University of Texas, Austin George H. Brett II, University of North Carolina General Administration Steve Cisler, Apple Walt Crawford, Research Libraries Group Lorcan Dempsey, University of Bath Nancy Evans, Pennsylvania State University, Ogontz Charles Hildreth, READ Ltd. Ronald Larsen, University of Maryland Clifford Lynch, Division of Library Automation, University of California David R. McDonald, Tufts University R. Bruce Miller, University of California, San Diego Paul Evan Peters, Coalition for Networked Information Mike Ridley, University of Waterloo Peggy Seiden, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington Peter Stone, University of Sussex John E. Ulmschneider, North Carolina State University Publication Information Published on an irregular basis by the University Libraries, University of Houston. Technical support is provided by the Information Technology Division, University of Houston. Circulation: 4,130 subscribers in 45 countries (PACS-L) and 314 subscribers in 27 countries (PACS-P). + Page 3 + Back issues are available from LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet). To obtain a list of all available files, send the following e-mail message to the LISTSERV: INDEX PACS-L. The name of each issue's table of contents file begins with the word "CONTENTS." ----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is an electronic journal that is distributed on BITNET, Internet, and other computer networks. There is no subscription fee. To subscribe, send an e-mail message to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet) that says: SUBSCRIBE PACS-P First Name Last Name. PACS-P subscribers also receive two electronic newsletters: Current Cites and Public- Access Computer Systems News. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is Copyright (C) 1992 by the University Libraries, University of Houston. All Rights Reserved. Copying is permitted for noncommercial use by computer conferences, individual scholars, and libraries. Libraries are authorized to add the journal to their collection, in electronic or printed form, at no charge. This message must appear on all copied material. All commercial use requires permission. ----------------------------------------------------------------- + Page 29 + ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 3, no 2 (1992): 29-34. ----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Farley, Laine, ed. Library Resources on the Internet: Strategies for Selection and Use. Chicago: American Library Association, 1992. ISBN 0-8389-7576-3. Reviewed by Caroline R. Arms. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Take this guide with you next time you set out for a trip to explore some online catalogs on the Internet highway. Library Resources on the Internet was developed by the ALA/RASD/MARS committee on Direct Patron Access to Computer-Based Reference Systems. It "seeks to give users practical strategies for identifying and using one type of resource--library catalogs on the Internet." It is also a kit of sections that can be modified, updated, and reassembled into a more specific handout for a particular library or as the basis for a training session. Knowing that their committee was to be reorganized out of existence, the authors wisely chose to concentrate on the aspects of the Internet where their librarian's training and experience would provide most added value and to rely on providing pointers to existing directories of catalogs and other "road maps" that were more likely to be updated. One thing that sets this guide apart from other documents related to catalogs on the Internet are the pointers to "travel guides," resources that may help a patron decide which remote catalogs would be appropriate to search. The authors' metaphor of maps and travel guides builds on the widely used analogy between the Internet and the highway system. It evokes images of Rand McNally road atlases, of Michelin travel guides that rate the hotels and restaurants and suggest scenic routes, and of the AAA, ready to prepare an itinerary for you and help you if you get lost or have an accident. Perhaps the metaphor is worth pursuing. Setting out on a vacation in unfamiliar territory, you would usually take both a road map and a travel guide. In the new "wired" information infrastructure, there will be a need not only for formal catalogs of resources (road maps), but also for travel guides that give you information about the local culture and conventions, suggest routes or tours, evaluate restaurants, and describe museums. Travel guides vary widely, and you can choose one that suits you; you may prefer Europe on $25 Dollars a Day to the Michelin guide. Developing such guides to resources on the Internet (or the National Research and Education Network) could be an important role for librarians. This guide takes a step in the right direction. + Page 30 + Current guides to the Internet, however excellent, often give the impression that the Internet is only for the intrepid and self-sufficient individual. The very titles of two of the most popular, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet and Zen and the Art of the Internet, confirm that impression. Library Resources on the Internet is different. This guide is not written for computer experts or network hackers. Nor does it make the assumption that the only source of information is the network itself. It points out that, if you want access to the Internet, your starting-point should be your local computer network support organization. This point could even be stressed more; the Internet is a network of networks, and the network through which you have access has a responsibility to facilitate that access. Whether your connection is through an academic institution or one of the commercial operations that now offer access to the Internet, you can usually get help from the supplier of that connection with basic telecommunications procedures, including recommendations for acquiring and configuring software. Like your car dealer, the network supplier can give you the basic owner's manual and check whether the vehicle works, at least using the software they recommend. Once you have a connection to the Internet and know how to connect to a remote computer, you need a different level of assistance: help selecting the resources that will be of most value to you and guidance in the use of those resources. Library Resources on the Internet provides this type of assistance for people interested in exploring the increasing number of online catalogs accessible over the Internet. In a relaxed, non- technical style, it presents a variety of information directly, and it describes other important tools for the explorer's kit. It begins with a brief introduction to the Internet and a list of possible reasons for searching remote catalog systems. Then comes a section on other road maps and travel guides, followed by tips on using online catalogs effectively. The last section is a description of related resources, with examples of campus-wide information systems and specialized databases that are not part of online catalog systems. Finally come four appendices: a bibliography of articles that address use of the Internet for public services in libraries; a very useful introduction to searching the catalogs of the most widely installed library systems; a glossary of networking terms; and a primer on the use of the Internet file transfer protocol, FTP. + Page 31 + The guide pulls together a variety of information relating to the use of online catalogs in a single document. Naturally, some material is presented in a brief, introductory fashion, setting the context rather than presenting a full explanation. Topics that may be important for future developments, such as Z39.50, the standard protocol for information retrieval, and Z39.58, the Common Command Language, are introduced in appropriate contexts. The authors have succeeded in their aim of providing a practical guide that serves both the user who wants to explore online catalogs on the Internet and librarians who are trying to get a broader picture of how the accessibility of library resources on the Internet may change their world. Two of the central sections are particularly valuable because they are not duplicated elsewhere. The first covers existing road maps and travel guides. The road maps include the directories of online catalogs and other network resources, such as the catalog lists maintained by Art St. George at the University of New Mexico and Billy Barron at the University of North Texas as well as the Internet Resource Guide. Databases and software packages that facilitate access to remote catalogs are also described. Participants in the PACS-L discussion group will have seen most of the items mentioned regularly. However, when it comes to the travel guides, there may be some unfamiliar suggestions. Not surprisingly, given its authorship, the guide suggests that you ask a reference librarian for help in identifying library collections with strengths in your area of interest. For those to whom talking to a live reference librarian would be painful, it includes some print directories that either describe collection strengths explicitly or list university doctoral programs that suggest areas of emphasis. It is refreshing to be reminded that not all information about network resources is on the network itself. At the end of this section is a brief discussion of gateways, such as the CARL (Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries) system, and client/server systems, such as WAIS (Wide Area Information Server). The whole section is sprinkled with useful tips and caveats. + Page 32 + The other particularly valuable section, "Using Systems Successfully--Survival Tips," is entirely tips and caveats. Instructions and hints on using TELNET for connecting to the remote catalogs are presented in a non-technical way that is not specific to any particular type of computer. The tips on searching catalogs may seem self-evident to librarians used to searching online systems, but they are ideal for novice or occasional searchers. They range from "Read the SCREENS" to suggestions for identifying appropriate subject terms and for broadening and narrowing searches. Referred to in conjunction with the appendix of catalog interfaces from commercial systems, this section alone would save a great deal of frustration for librarians and end users. The authors explicitly designed the guide as a source of material for others to incorporate into their own documentation or instructional handouts, provided that the source is duly credited and the use is noncommercial. As it stands, the guide could be handed to a patron who already knows how to log on to a remote computer on the Internet, but has had difficulty using a remote catalog or wants to determine which catalogs might have good collections in the patron's field of interest. To make a complete travel kit, select some sections (updating where appropriate), replace others with details appropriate for your local environment (such as telecommunication procedures), and package them with one of the lists of online catalogs that it suggests. You may want to involve computer services staff in preparing the package and making it and some of the related documents or software available online. At the very least, I strongly encourage academic libraries to make sure that computing services staff in their institution have a copy of this guide for their own use and as a resource for user consultants. The guide is available in print as an occasional paper of the Reference and Adult Services Division of the ALA. It is also available online for anonymous FTP retrieval. It has also been transformed into an interactive, hypertext form by Ernest Perez, formerly Library Director of the Houston Chronicle and the Chicago Sun-Times. This version is also available online for anyone to retrieve and run on a personal computer that uses the DOS operating system. Although I thoroughly recommend reading through the entire document, the hypertext version will suit some people very well for later reference. The online version of the document states that it will remain in its original location (DLA.UCOP.EDU, see below) "until it is obviously out of date or until it has a successor." I certainly hope for the second outcome. As is always the case, some of the material is already out of date, but only in very minor ways. This guide deserves to be kept up to date and available so that both librarians and end- users can take enjoyable and profitable trips to visit catalogs on the Internet. + Page 33 + How to Obtain This Document Print: o American Library Association as RASD Occasional Paper no. 12; $18 for ALA members, $20 for non-members. Anonymous FTP: ASCII file: o Host: DLA.UCOP.EDU; directory: pub/internet; file name: libcat-guide. o Host: HYDRA.UWO.CA; directory: libsoft; file name: libcat.txt. o Host: FTP.UNT.EDU; directory: library; file name: libcat-guide. WordPerfect 5.1 file: o Host: HYDRA.UWO.CA; directory: libsoft; file name: internet.com. Self-Extracting executable hypertext file: o Host: HYDRA.UWO.CA; directory: libsoft; filenames: libinet.exe and libinet.doc. o Host: FTP.UNT.EDU; directory: library; file names: libinet.exe and libinet.doc About the Author Caroline R. Arms, Head, Microcomputer & Media Center, Falk Library of the Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh. Internet: cra@med.pitt.edu. + Page 34 + ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is an electronic journal that is distributed on BITNET, Internet, and other computer networks. There is no subscription fee. To subscribe, send an e-mail message to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet) that says: SUBSCRIBE PACS-P First Name Last Name. PACS-P subscribers also receive two electronic newsletters: Current Cites and Public- Access Computer Systems News. This article is Copyright (C) 1992 by Caroline R. Arms. All Rights Reserved. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is Copyright (C) 1992 by the University Libraries, University of Houston. All Rights Reserved. Copying is permitted for noncommercial use by computer conferences, individual scholars, and libraries. Libraries are authorized to add the journal to their collection, in electronic or printed form, at no charge. This message must appear on all copied material. All commercial use requires permission. ----------------------------------------------------------------- + Page 13 + ----------------------------------------------------------------- Bailey, Charles W., Jr. "Electronic Publishing on Networks: A Selective Bibliography of Recent Works." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 3, no. 2 (1992): 13-20. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1.0 Introduction Despite a variety of problems, electronic publishing on BITNET, Internet, and other networks is experiencing vigorous growth as scholars experiment with FTP archives, list servers, WAIS servers, and other technological tools in order to reinvent scholarly publishing. This bibliography presents selected sources, in both paper and electronic form, that are useful in understanding network- based electronic publishing. A limited number of sources that deal with broader electronic publishing topics, such as intellectual property rights, multimedia systems, standards, and virtual libraries, are also included; however, this bibliography does not provide an in-depth treatment of the large and diverse body of literature that deals with electronic publishing as a whole. In order to focus on recent developments, it does not cover sources published prior to 1989 (most sources are from 1990 to the present). Hopefully, this bibliography will introduce interested readers to sources that will provide them with insight into the incredible intellectual ferment associated with network-based electronic publishing. 2.0 Bibliography Alexander, Adrian W., and Julie S. Alexander. "Intellectual Property Rights and the 'Sacred Engine': Scholarly Publishing in the Electronic Age." Advances in Library Resource Sharing 1 (1990): 176-192. Amiran, Eyal, Elaine Orr, and John Unsworth. "Refereed Electronic Journals and the Future of Scholarly Publishing." Advances in Library Automation and Networking 4 (1991): 25-53. Amiran, Eyal, and John Unsworth. "Postmodern Culture: Publishing in the Electronic Medium." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 67-76. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET AMIRAN PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Arms, William Y. "Scholarly Publishing on the National Networks." Scholarly Publishing 23 (April 1992): 158-169. + Page 14 + Bailey, Charles W., Jr. "The Coalition for Networked Information's Acquisition-on-Demand Model: An Exploration and Critique." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 78-81. Bailey, Charles W., Jr. "Electronic (Online) Publishing in Action . . . The Public-Access Computer Systems Review and Other Electronic Serials." ONLINE 15 (January 1991): 28-35. Bailey, Charles W., Jr. "Intelligent Multimedia Computer Systems: Emerging Information Resources in the Network Environment." Library Hi Tech 8, no. 1 (1990): 29-41. Bailey, Charles W., Jr. "Network-Based Electronic Serials." Information Technology and Libraries 11 (March 1992): 29-35. Bailey, Charles W., Jr., and Dana Rooks, eds. "Symposium on the Role of Network-Based Electronic Resources in Scholarly Communication and Research." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 2 (1991): 4-60. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET BAILEY1 PRV2N2 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Basch, Reva. "Books Online: Visions, Plans, and Perspectives for Electronic Text." ONLINE 15 (July 1991): 13-23. Beazley, William G. "Impact of CALS on Electronic Publishing Systems and Users." Library Trends 38 (Spring 1990): 799-815. Brown, Heather. "Standards for Structured Documents." The Computer Journal 32, no. 6 (1989): 505-514. Bulick, Stephen. "Future Prospects for Network-Based Multimedia Information Retrieval." The Electronic Library 8 (April 1990): 88-99. Butler, Brett. "Electronic Editions of Serials: The Virtual Library Model." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 102-106. Butler, Brett. "The Electronic Library Program: Developing Networked Electronic Library Collections." Library Hi Tech 9, no. 2 (1991): 21-30. Cisler, Steve. "Convergent Electronic Cultures." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 55-57. Cline, Nancy. "Information Resources and the National Network." EDUCOM Review 25 (Summer 1990): 30-34. + Page 15 + Dempsey, Lorcan. Libraries, Networks and OSI: A Review, with a Report on North American Developments. Bath, England: U.K. Office for Library Networking, the Library, University of Bath, 1991. Dertouzos, Michael L. "Building the Information Marketplace." Technology Review 94 (January 1991): 29-40. Drake, Miriam. "Buying Articles in the Future." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 75-77. Duggan, Mary Kay. "Copyright of Electronic Information: Issues and Questions." ONLINE 15 (May 1991): 20-26. Garcia, Linda D. "Information Exchange: The Impact of Scholarly Communication." EDUCOM Review 25 (Fall 1990): 28-32. Gardner, William. "The Electronic Archive: Scientific Publishing for the 1990s." Psychological Science 1 (November 1990): 333- 341. Getz, Malcolm. "Electronic Publishing: An Economic View." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 25-31. Grycz, Czeslaw Jan. "Economic Models for Networked Information." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 11-18. Hall, Stephen C. "The Four Stages of National Research and Education Network Growth." EDUCOM Review 26 (Spring 1991): 18- 25. Harnad, Stevan. "Interactive Publication: Extending the American Physical Society's Discipline-Specific Model for Electronic Publishing." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 58-61. Harnad, Stevan. "Post-Gutenberg Galaxy: The Fourth Revolution in the Means of Production of Knowledge." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 39-53. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET HARNAD PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Harnad, Stevan. "Scholarly Skywriting and the Prepublication Continuum of Scientific Inquiry." Psychological Science 1 (November 1990): 342-344. + Page 16 + Harrison, Teresa M., Timothy Stephen, and James Winter. "Online Journals: Disciplinary Designs for Electronic Scholarship." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 25-38. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET HARRISON PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Hart, Michael S. "Project Gutenberg: Access to Electronic Texts." Database 13 (December 1990): 6-9. Hickey, Thomas B., and Terry Noreault. "The Development of a Graphical User Interface for The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 3, no. 2 (1992): 4-12. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET HICKEY PRV3N2 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Hugo, Jane, and Linda Newell. "New Horizons in Adult Education: The First Five Years (1987-1991)." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 77-90. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET HUGO PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Jennings, Edward M. "EJournal: An Account of the First Two Years." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 91-110. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET JENNINGS PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Jensen, Mary Brandt. "Making Copyright Work in Electronic Publishing Models." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 62-65. Kahle, Brewster, and Art Medlar. "An Information System for Corporate Users: Wide Area Information Servers." ONLINE 15 (September 1991): 56-60. Kahn, Robert. "National Information Infrastructure Components." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 85-87. Kalin, Sally W., and Roy Tennant. "Beyond OPACS . . . The Wealth of Information Resources on the Internet." Database 14 (August 1991): 28-33. Katz, Richard N. "Academic Information Management at the Crossroads: Time Again to Review the Economics." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 41-44. Kibbey, Mark, and Nancy H. Evans. "The Network is the Library." EDUCOM Review 24 (Fall 1989): 15-20. + Page 17 + King, Tim. "Critical Issues for Providers of Network-Accessible Information." EDUCOM Review 26 (Summer 1991): 29-33. King, Timothy B. "The Impact of Electronic and Networking Technologies on the Delivery of Scholarly Information." The Serials Librarian 21, nos. 2/3 (1991): 5-13. Kost, Robert. "Technology Giveth . . ." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 67-70. Kovacs, Diane, Willard McCarty, and Michael Kovacs. "How to Start and Manage a BITNET LISTSERV Discussion Group: A Beginner's Guide." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 128-143. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET KOVACS PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) LaQuey, Tracy L., ed. The User's Directory of Computer Networks. Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1990. Laws, Kenneth I. "net.journalism." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 82-84. Lesk, Michael. "Pricing Electronic Information." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 38-40. Litchfield, Charles. "Local Storage and Retrieval of Electronic Journals: Training Issues for Technical Services Personnel." Serials Review 17, no. 4 (1991): 83-84. Lucier, Richard E. "Knowledge Management: Refining Roles in Scientific Communication." EDUCOM Review 25 (Fall 1990): 21-27. Lyman, Peter. "The Library of the (Not-so-Distant) Future." Change 23 (January/February 1991): 34-41. Lynch, Clifford A. "Reaction, Response, and Realization: From the Crisis in Scholarly Communication to the Age of Networked Information." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 107-112. Lynch, Clifford A. "Visions of Electronic Libraries." In The Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade Almanac, 36th ed., comp. Filomena Simora, 75-82. New Providence, NJ: R. R. Bowker, 1991. Lynch, Clifford A., and Cecilia M. Preston. "Internet Access to Information Resources." Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 25 (1990): 263-312. + Page 18 + Maddox, John. "Electronic Journals Have a Future." Nature 356 (16 April 1992): 559. Manoff, Marlene, Eileen Dorschner, Marilyn Geller, Keith Morgan, and Carter Snowden. "Report of the Electronic Journals Task Force MIT Libraries." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 113- 129. McClure, Charles R., Ann P. Bishop, Philip Doty, and Howard Rosenbaum. The National Research and Education Network (NREN): Research and Policy Perspectives. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1991. McMillan, Gail. "Embracing the Electronic Journal: One Library's Plan." The Serials Librarian 21, nos. 2/3 (1991): 97-108. McMillan, Gail. "Technical Services for Electronic Journals Today." Serials Review 17, no. 4 (1991): 84-86. Metz, Paul. "Electronic Journals from a Collection Manager's Point of View." Serials Review 17, no. 4 (1991): 82-83. Metz, Paul, and Paul M. Gherman. "Serials Pricing and the Role of the Electronic Journal." College & Research Libraries 52 (July 1991): 315-327. Okerson, Ann. "Back to Academia? The Case for American Universities to Publish Their Own Research." Logos 2, no. 2 (1991): 106-112. Okerson, Ann. "The Electronic Journal: What, Whence, and When?" The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 5-24. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET OKERSON PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Okerson, Ann. "The Missing Model: A 'Circle of Gifts.'" Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 92-96. Okerson, Ann. "Publishing Through the Network: The 1990s Debutante." Scholarly Publishing 23 (April 1992): 170-177. Okerson, Ann. "With Feathers: Effects of Copyright and Ownership on Scholarly Publishing." College & Research Libraries 52 (September 1991): 425-438. + Page 19 + Peters, Paul Evan. "Making the Market for Networked Information: An Introduction to a Proposed Program for Licensing Electronic Uses." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 19-24. Piternick, Anne B. "Electronic Serials: Realistic or Unrealistic Solution to the Journal 'Crisis'?" The Serials Librarian 21, nos. 2/3 (1991): 15-31. Price-Wilkin, John. "Text Files in Libraries: Present Foundations and Future Directions." Library Hi Tech 9, no. 3 (1991): 7-44. Quarterman, John S. The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide. Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1990. Reich, Vicky. "Discipline-Specific Literature Bases: A View of the APS Model." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 52-54, 65. Rogers, Sharon J., and Charlene S. Hurt. "How Scholarly Communication Should Work in the 21st Century." College & Research Libraries 51 (January 1990): 5-8. Savage, Lon. "The Journal of the International Academy of Hospitality Research." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 54-66. (To retrieve this article, send an e- mail message that says "GET SAVAGE PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Schultz, T. D. "A World Physics Information System: An Online, Highly Interactive, Discipline-Oriented Facility." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 45-48. Strangelove, Michael, and Diane Kovacs. Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters and Academic Discussion Lists, 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing, Association of Research Libraries, 1992. "Task Force Report Looks at Future of Information Services." Bulletin of the American Physical Society 36 (April 1991): 1105- 1151. + Page 20 + Tuttle, Marcia. "The Newsletter on Serials Pricing Issues." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2, no. 1 (1991): 111-127. (To retrieve this article, send an e-mail message that says "GET TUTTLE PRV2N1 F=MAIL" to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU.) Yankelovich, Nicole. "Three Pieces of the Puzzle: Wide-Area Hypermedia, Information Agents and On-line Reference Works." Psychological Science 1 (November 1990): 350-352. Yavarkovsky, Jerome. "A University-Based Electronic Publishing Network." EDUCOM Review 25 (Fall 1990): 14-20. Young, Peter R. "National Corporation for Scholarly Publishing: Presentation and Description of the Model." Serials Review 18, nos. 1-2 (1992): 100-101. ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is an electronic journal that is distributed on BITNET, Internet, and other computer networks. There is no subscription fee. To subscribe, send an e-mail message to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet) that says: SUBSCRIBE PACS-P First Name Last Name. PACS-P subscribers also receive two electronic newsletters: Current Cites and Public- Access Computer Systems News. This article is Copyright (C) 1992 by Charles W. Bailey, Jr. All Rights Reserved. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is Copyright (C) 1992 by the University Libraries, University of Houston. All Rights Reserved. Copying is permitted for noncommercial use by computer conferences, individual scholars, and libraries. Libraries are authorized to add the journal to their collection, in electronic or printed form, at no charge. This message must appear on all copied material. All commercial use requires permission. ----------------------------------------------------------------- + Page 21 + ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 3, no. 2 (1992): 21-28. ----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Recursive Reviews ----------------------------------------------------------------- Artificial Intelligence, Libraries, and Information Retrieval By Martin Halbert In the science fiction short story "Anniversary" (Amazing, March 1959), Isaac Asimov described a computer system that combined advanced elements of artificial intelligence and information retrieval. Called "Multivac" in the story (I wonder if the name was inspired by the UNIVAC systems that were being marketed in the early fifties), Asimov's system is described as "a mile-long super-computer that was the repository of all the facts known to man; that guided man's economy; directed his scientific research; helped make his political decisions--and had millions of circuits left over to answer individual questions that did not violate the ethics of privacy." Multivac was capable of understanding and answering what we would now call natural language queries on any topic. The protagonists of the story typed in their questions on a terminal that worked much like a typewriter. Their questions required that the system not only collate information, but also draw conclusions. Imagine a system that could answer a query such as one made in the story: "Why is Trans-space Insurance conducting its Silver Queen search-project to which reference was made in the previous question?" Multivac was not only capable of answering this question, but it was also cognizant enough of privacy issues NOT to provide the information to unauthorized researchers. Multivac was the ideal combination of AI and IR technologies that functioned as an oracle of all recorded knowledge. While no system currently in the works has capabilities even remotely like Asimov's Multivac, computer scientists and librarians have at least begun to take first steps toward the concept. If Multivac is an ideal to aim for, what has been accomplished so far? Is AI technology really relevant to libraries in the nineties or is it just a science fiction dream? To help you answer this question for yourself, this column reviews both selected current articles about AI in libraries and a few basic guides to the field of artificial intelligence. + Page 22 + A mass of controversy and confusion surrounds artificial intelligence. To be able to make any kind of reasonable judgments about AI in libraries, one must understand the basic issues and history of the AI field. I have included three basic sources that constitute an excellent foundation in the literature of the field, both at the layman and intermediate levels of technical knowledge. I have also included some additional sources relating AI more specifically to libraries and information work. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Alberico, Ralph, and Mary Micco. Expert Systems for Reference and Information Retrieval. Westport, CT: Meckler, 1990. (ISBN: 0-88736-232-X) ---------------------------------------------------------------- This is the best general text on AI in libraries. An enjoyable mix of theory and practice, the book includes a history of artificial intelligence, many how-to chapters on the various ways of creating library expert systems, a good discussion of trends, and an excellent bibliography on the field. The examples in Prolog are interesting to work through and illustrate the concepts well. I give this source my highest recommendation. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Kurzweil, Raymond, ed. The Age of Intelligent Machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990. (ISBN: 0-262-11121-7) ---------------------------------------------------------------- This is currently the premiere overview text on artificial intelligence. I know of no better contemporary overview of the AI field. It provides both historical and topical overviews of all major realms of artificial intelligence. The book is both understandable to the layman and authoritative (it includes 23 articles by major AI figures such as Marvin Minsky). The many inserts, illustrations, and personal accounts make the book very enjoyable. Kurzweil conservatively speculates on what impacts AI may have in the near-term future on society, artistic expression, medicine, and other areas. The article by Edward Feigenbaum describes a hypothetical network of artificially intelligent electronic libraries. + Page 23 + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Graubard, Stephen R., ed. The Artificial Intelligence Debate: False Starts, Real Foundations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988. ---------------------------------------------------------------- This collection of articles examines in detail some of the major controversies that have plagued AI research during its brief history. It is very important to understand the context in which many of the exaggerated claims of AI research have been made. Without this context, one may be tempted to unfairly write off the field as being composed of ivory tower dreamers or worse. AI researchers in many cases had justifiable reasons to expect truly dramatic strides in a short period of time and, being human, were also prone to blind allegiance to their own theories. Without the background of the symbol-processing versus "perceptron" approaches, for example, it is impossible to understand why researchers have such strong feelings for or against current research into neural networks. Some of the articles are fairly technical, but most are easily comprehensible, even to the non- specialist. The discussion provides the reader with balanced views on different sides of the current controversies. ---------------------------------------------------------------- "AI: Metamorphosis or Death?" (State of the Art section that includes 8 articles). BYTE 16 (January 1991): 236-301. (ISSN 0360-5280) ---------------------------------------------------------------- This special section of articles is geared to the typical PC enthusiast, and it should be intelligible to anyone who uses computers regularly (which certainly includes all PACS Review readers). These articles provide a valuable computer industry perspective on the changing expectations of people involved in artificial intelligence work. The old AI view was that researchers were on the verge of developing machines that would truly be as intelligent as human beings. This view has died. It has been supplanted by the more realistic view that computers can accomplish amazing feats in very well-defined, limited technical domains that require sophisticated human training and effort. The nagging, unsatisfying thing about the realistic view, however, is that once an AI application is successfully implemented, one tends to discount it as involving any intelligence at all. + Page 24 + For example, since 1979 Digital Equipment Corporation has successfully used an expert system called XCON for custom configuration of its VAX and PDP-11 computers. When human technicians did the configuration, analyzing and fitting a specified set of components into a cramped computer chassis, this seemed like a technically sophisticated process. Now, when the same job is accomplished by a computer system applying a set of rules to the problem, it seems like "just rote work." This points out the "moving target" nature of artificial intelligence; what was science fiction in the fifties (e.g., computers playing chess at the grand master level and analyzing blood diseases) now seem like routine programming. AI's biggest challenge may be to settle on a satisfactory focus (i.e., a defining vision of what AI is trying to accomplish). This cannot be the naive goal of early AI--to make computers intelligent--since it is now quite clear that we have no definition of exactly what constitutes intelligence! Given the identity crisis of AI in the nineties, how can it be relevant to libraries and librarians? ---------------------------------------------------------------- Bailey, Charles W., Jr. "Intelligent Library Systems: Artificial Intelligence Technology and Library Automation Systems." Advances in Library Automation and Networking 4 (1991): 1-23. (ISBN: 1-55938-188-4) ---------------------------------------------------------------- In this paper, Charles Bailey provides a clear, systematic analysis of the opportunities and difficulties associated with applying AI to library work. He discusses barriers to the development of library AI systems, such as the high cost of AI development, the limitations of current technology, and the lack of AI expertise among the majority of librarians. He also identifies fruitful avenues for future progress. Any promising strategy requires finding tasks suitable for AI, rather than trying to force AI into roles that are best managed by human beings. This still leaves many intriguing possibilities for improving library systems through AI techniques. Bailey's examples focus on making databases more intelligent and capable of improved responsiveness to the user, whether the database is a library catalog or an intelligent computer-assisted instruction program. The bibliography is an excellent tool for exploring the literature further. + Page 25 + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Morris, A. "Expert Systems for Library and Information Services- -A Review." Information Processing & Management 27, no. 6 (1991): 713-724. (ISSN 0306-4573) ---------------------------------------------------------------- For an overview of specific library AI applications through the years, turn to Morris' article. Morris analyzes library AI applications in five areas: online information retrieval, cataloging, abstracting, reference work, and indexing/classification. The portrait he paints across the library landscape is a somewhat disappointing one of several decades of prototypes that rarely resulted in successful systems. The fundamental problem that researchers repeatedly encountered was the fact library work is fundamentally "messy." It requires common-sense background knowledge about the world and flexibility in applying rules and drawing conclusions--exactly where current AI systems are weak. The marginal successes of the field occur primarily in online information retrieval, where the data to be operated on have already been extensively refined, indexed, and otherwise regularized by human beings. This points out that library AI researchers have been taking on unrealistically complicated problems given the current state of the art. This is in no way an indictment of library AI researchers. On the contrary, the first three sources reviewed indicate that this has been a common mistake in all areas of AI research. If an AI system is to successfully capture the "intelligence" that goes into solving a problem, the scope of a problem must be clearly understood, and its solution must be able to be formulated in rules. Morris concludes by saying that the work accomplished so far must be looked on as experimental, laying the foundation for future implementations that will be more productive. The experiments of the past should bear fruit in the future, enabling expert systems to handle many of the mundane features of library work. + Page 26 + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Bailey, Charles W., Jr., and Judy E. Myers, comps. Expert Systems in ARL Libraries. SPEC Kit 174 (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, 1991). Also, ERIC, ED 337 178. ---------------------------------------------------------------- This ARL report offers a concise survey of current AI activity in libraries. The general findings are roughly as follows: very few ARL libraries (seven percent, or six libraries) have developed or are planning to develop expert systems, but most ARL libraries (72 percent) believe that expert systems will become an important technology in libraries during the nineties. Taken together, these statements are intriguing. Evidently, ARL libraries believe that turnkey systems will become widely available in this decade without much development effort from libraries. While this is possible, it does not seem likely. The development of turnkey integrated library automation systems was a gradual process that built up synergistically from circulation and cataloging experiments in many individual libraries to commercial endeavors. While this pattern may yet repeat itself in library AI systems, it is still too early to tell. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Sparck Jones, Karen. "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Information Retrieval." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42, no. 8 (1991): 558-565. (ISSN 0002-8231) ---------------------------------------------------------------- This article provides some very specific arguments concerning ways in which AI should NOT be used in information retrieval. Karen Sparck Jones emphasizes that the potential for AI should not be overestimated. Her points about the limitations of AI systems are similar to those made in the other works reviewed here. Sparck Jones' article is worth reading because of her detailed analysis of AI's limitations in information retrieval applications. She notes the more limited, focused applications that could benefit from artificial intelligence techniques. Sparck Jones also points out fundamental limitations in IR applications that AI is unlikely to ever overcome. + Page 27 + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Waterman, Donald A. A Guide to Expert Systems. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1986. (ISBN 0-201-08313-2) ---------------------------------------------------------------- I conclude with an excellent basic textbook on expert systems, since such systems seem to hold the most immediate promise and have been the AI technology most widely and successfully implemented both in libraries and in other industries. Although several years old now, Waterman's book is still one of the best introductions to the topic that I am aware of. He gives both the theory and practice of expert systems, with much discussion of actual working products. If you are seriously considering developing an expert system or even just trying to estimate what it would take to implement one, Waterman's book is a worthwhile resource. The effort to make computers more intelligent--however one interprets "intelligence"--will certainly continue. The approaches taken and the perspectives brought to this effort are changing, becoming more mature and realistic in their goals. One can only hope that expert systems WILL become an important library technology in the nineties, since this would mean that many of the problems with AI have been solved. The verdict will not be in for some time though, so stay tuned. + Page 28 + About the Author Martin Halbert, Automation and Reference Librarian, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston TX 77251-1892. Internet: HALBERT@RICEVM1.RICE.EDU. ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is an electronic journal that is distributed on BITNET, Internet, and other computer networks. There is no subscription fee. To subscribe, send an e-mail message to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet) that says: SUBSCRIBE PACS-P First Name Last Name. PACS-P subscribers also receive two electronic newsletters: Current Cites and Public- Access Computer Systems News. This article is Copyright (C) 1992 by Martin Halbert. All Rights Reserved. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is Copyright (C) 1992 by the University Libraries, University of Houston. All Rights Reserved. Copying is permitted for noncommercial use by computer conferences, individual scholars, and libraries. Libraries are authorized to add the journal to their collection, in electronic or printed form, at no charge. This message must appear on all copied material. All commercial use requires permission. ----------------------------------------------------------------- + Page 4 + --------------------------------------------------------------- Hickey, Thomas B., and Terry Noreault. "The Development of a Graphical User Interface for The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 3, no. 2 (1992): 4-12. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1.0 Introduction The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials (CCT) is a peer- reviewed, interactive electronic journal. The primary form of publication is electronic--no paper version of the journal is planned. In addition to the full text of articles, CCT includes tables, equations, and graphics. There are two interfaces available: (1) a command-oriented ASCII interface, and (2) a graphical user interface. Subscriptions to the journal are currently set at $110 per year. 2.0 Journal Features The journal is set up as a database that can be searched and displayed by the user interfaces. The ASCII interface (called EPS for Electronic Publishing Service) is based on OCLC's EPIC interface. It offers users, from virtually any terminal, access to the text and the ability to order offline services such as having the article faxed. While this interface works quite well, we expect most subscribers to use "Guidon," OCLC's graphical user interface that gives full access to the database's figures, equations, and typeset text. Guidon is a software package that runs under Microsoft Windows 3.0 and 3.1, and it must be installed on a user's personal computer. It is included in the base subscription fee. This is different than most electronic journals. The CCT is not a set of files that subscribers can FTP from OCLC. It is a database that requires software for access. If you only need to locate and request a document, this can be done by dialing or TELNETing into OCLC's EPS service. If you want to examine whole documents online, download them to your PC, or enjoy the benefits of using a window-based interface, then you need to have Guidon installed on your PC (along with Microsoft Windows 3.0 or 3.1). + Page 5 + Guidon uses a modified version of Z39.50 (1988) to communicate with the database at OCLC. There are several advantages to the use of this protocol: o Other user interfaces are planned for other environments and with other capabilities, but using the same protocol. o Authorization and billing is handled centrally. This both simplifies the interface program and eliminates most security issues about program code that is not under the vendor's control. o Capabilities will grow as we support the newer Z39.50 standards. o Z39.50 provides a clear interface standard to work with, rather than having to develop our own. o It makes it possible for others to use their own interfaces to get to OCLC databases. In the future, we hope to release a programmer's toolkit that will make the development of such interfaces easier. 3.0 Data Communication The primary mode of data communication is over dial-up lines. The system is usable at 2400 baud, but 9600 baud is better. OCLC wrote a software layer to provide reliable communications from the PC to OCLC. A TCP/IP version that will run over the Internet is planned, with the expectation of substantially better performance. Making the interface work with standard modems was one of our major challenges. In most cases, we were able to design the program so that the user is not blocked from using the document while waiting for a response over the phone line. While the interface is downloading requested paragraphs, users can scroll through and read sections of the document that have already been downloaded to the workstation or request new sections. Of course, since Guidon runs as a standard Microsoft Windows process, users can use other applications on their PC while long operations (such as downloading and local printing) are going on. Although the initial scheduled introduction date was April 1, 1992, this has been extended to July 1, 1992, allowing us to have more articles available and to further test and refine the software. + Page 6 + 4.0 Research We have been conducting research directly related to this journal since 1982. Early research was focused on the use of sophisticated text formatters, font generation methods, and the problems of translating typesetting tapes into a form suitable for electronic retrieval and display. During the Graph-Text project, OCLC collaborated with the American Chemical Society [1] and John Wiley and Sons [2] to produce experimental CD-ROMs that contained chemical articles. Most of our work involved the TeX typesetting system [3] in some way, and we still use TeX to format CCT. During this period, computer displays and interface software have steadily improved, and there have been similar advances in telecommunications. Many of the problems we originally faced, such as font design for display, have disappeared because commercial software (e.g., word processing software) provides needed capabilities. The ubiquitousness of users exposed to the popular windowing systems on Macintoshes--and now PCs--has greatly lowered barriers that, in the past, would have discouraged use of the type of journal that we have designed. 5.0 Development The following major events occurred in the CCT development process: 1989 August AAAS and OCLC agree to do an electronic journal. 1989 September Design starts. 1990 January Clinical trials selected as subject area. 1990 May Macintosh prototype developed. 1990 June Focus group interviews with MD's to evaluate the prototype. 1990 December ToolBook prototype on PC. 1991 February C++ file-based prototype started. 1991 September Online document display. 1992 April Initial target for introduction. + Page 7 + 1992 April Guidon 1.0 released; mainframe code goes into production. 1992 July Revised target date for introduction. 5.1 Programming Prototyping of Guidon was done using several different systems on both the Macintosh and PC. The production system was written using Borland C++. [4] This was the development group's first Microsoft Windows program, and it took several months before we were really comfortable with programming in Windows, although we had experience using several other window systems. Excluding telecommunications (but including much design and rethinking), the Guidon interface consumed about a year's worth of time for three programmers. The prototyping tools allowed for the exploration of different facets of the interface. Even though many members of the team had significant experience in full text (some with over 10 years of experience), it was still very challenging to blend functionality requirements and technological capabilities into a workable system. The iterative process facilitated by prototyping tools allowed constant refinement of Guidon. Microsoft Windows is a complicated system, but there are several excellent books available that are a great help in understanding and programming in it. [5] The most difficult part is becoming familiar enough with the Windows calls that you know their capabilities and can find natural methods to accomplish tasks without great difficulty. There are also some things, such as printing, that can be accomplished very easily, but slowly. If reasonable performance is needed under Windows 3.0, the programming task becomes much more difficult. A benefit of the organization of Windows programs is that the look of the interface is greatly controlled by "resources" that can be edited independently of much of the actual code. During the development process, this has allowed us to take a running version of Guidon and edit it to demonstrate and try out different terminology and screen layouts. Once system changes have been agreed upon, they can be quite easily incorporated into the system. + Page 8 + 5.2 Testing Both OCLC and AAAS have invested heavily in interface testing-- OCLC has had one full-time and two part-time people testing various versions of Guidon and EPS for nearly a year. We started doing usability testing as soon as we had working prototypes, and, shortly after that, we started planning the system testing phase. There is always a tension between what is discovered through the testing process that could--and probably should--be changed and what can be changed within the constraints of organizational schedules and budgets. However, many of the usability and programming bugs that are found in testing can be corrected for little cost, and these changes result in a much more satisfactory system. One of the very early tests, in June 1990, was a concept test for both the journal and the technology. A small group of medical doctors from around the U.S. and Canada participated in a full-day focus group discussion in Boston. During this session we tested the basic concept of a clinical trials journal and the functionality of the online delivery system. This was a very productive session and had significant influence on the shape of the final product. One of the surprises we had during the session was the focus group's lack of enthusiasm for publishing original data with articles. Since access to data is one of the things that electronic publishing can do easier than print publishing, we expected that it would be a selling point for both authors and users. The doctors pointed out the great reluctance of researchers in the medical field (and in many other fields) to share the data upon which studies are based. Although we retained a simple method of including data with articles (if available), this session persuaded us to reduce our emphasis on this capability and thereby postpone the development of interfaces to spreadsheets for data manipulation. Another finding was that doctors preferred to view graphics in separate windows from text. Since this simplified both the programming and formatting needed for displaying articles, this was an easy wish to accommodate. After we prototyped a screen display that merged tables with text, we moved tables into separate windows so that they are accessed exactly like the graphics. We also learned more about the typical author and user's computer capability. In general, their computer and searching expertise was better than expected, but their access to electronic mail and networks was fairly low. This finding influenced how the system for reviewing articles was designed. We have found that as systems and software become more complex the testing needed to ensure a reliable service increases enormously. An example of this is the testing Microsoft did with Windows 3.1, the most recent version of Windows, which was reportedly tested at some 10,000 sites. + Page 9 + Although we don't need to test to this extent, we do have to worry about a large number of possible configurations, including: o Printers: support for the most common ones. o Windows versions: 3.0 and 3.1. o Font managers: Windows 3.0, 3.1, and Adobe Type Manager. o Operating systems: DOS 3.3 and 5.0. o Computer models: IBM compatibles, especially 286 and 386 computers. o Modems: support for at least a dozen models. Unfortunately, for many operations such as printing, a problem may show up in only one of the many configurations, such as a 286 microcomputer that is printing at a certain resolution on an Epson printer while it is communicating at 2400 baud. Since many tests take a considerable amount of time, we can only test the software under a few of the possible combinations, so we concentrate on what we expect to be the most common user configurations. 6.0 Database Construction Articles are peer reviewed using a bulletin board system at AAAS, to which all the editors and reviewers have dial-up access. One of the goals of AAAS is to reduce the time taken to publish articles as much as possible without sacrificing the rigor of the peer-review process. WordPerfect is used during this review process as much as possible. After an article is accepted, AAAS sends to OCLC (via the bulletin board system) an SGML version of the article and the original graphics (if they are not machine readable, they may have to be physically mailed). OCLC then completes the SGML markup--in particular, OCLC completes the tagging of tables and equations as well as a number of other details. Currently, this tagging is done manually. After the SGML tagging of the article is completed and validated, the figures are scanned and the article is typeset. We are using TeX for this, so the SGML file is run through a program to convert it into TeX and format it. The resulting output is reviewed. After the output looks acceptable, it is faxed to both AAAS and the author for review, any needed changes are incorporated, and the database is built. + Page 10 + Although we realize that this is ambitious, our goal is to have articles available within 24 hours of their acceptance. To accomplish this, we need to be able to finish the SGML coding and formatting within six hours, and to have the formatting reviewed by AAAS and the author within two hours. The article will then be loaded into the database overnight. Even if this schedule is not met, we will have the information available to users within days of acceptance rather than the weeks or months that paper journals require. 7.0 Conclusion We believe that CCT represents a new and important advance in electronic publishing that offers significant advantages over both paper publication and simple file transfer. We have done our best to reduce barriers to its use by extensive testing, listening to users, and trying to anticipate possible methods of use. In the future, we hope to support more journals, to add interfaces running on platforms other than Microsoft Windows, and to respond to the changes that users are bound to request. About the Authors Thomas B. Hickey, Consulting Scientist Two, OCLC Online Computer Library Center. Internet: th@rsch.oclc.org. Terry Noreault, Director, Division of Reference and Database Services, OCLC Online Computer Library Center. Internet: terry@rsch.oclc.org. References and Notes 1. Laura Buddine and Elizabeth Young, The Brady Guide to CD-ROM (New York: Prentice Hall, 1987), 270-276. 2. Thomas B. Hickey, "Using SGML and TeX for an Interactive Chemical Encyclopedia," in Proceedings of the 1989 National Online Meeting (Medford, NJ: Learned Information, 1989), 187-195. 3. Donald E. Knuth, The TeX Book (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984). 4. Borland International, Inc., Borland C++ Version 3.0: Users Guide (Scotts Valley, CA: Borland International Inc., 1991). + Page 11 + 5. Charles Petzold, Programming Windows: The Microsoft Guide to Writing Applications for Windows 3 (Redmond WA: Microsoft Press, 1990); Peter Norton and Paul Yao, Peter Norton's Windows 3.0 Power Programming Techniques (New York: Bantam, 1990); and Jeffrey Richter, Windows 3: A Developer's Guide (Redwood City CA: M & T Books, 1991). Appendix I. OCLC's CCT Personnel Mark Basham Graphics and database translation Rebecca Babyak Mainframe software and EPS interface Lisa Cox Database building William Curry Telecommunications Steve Driscoll Telecommunications Kevin Flash Early development Kim Fortney Telecommunications W. Richard Hale Project management John Handley Graphics Robert Haschart Interface Thomas Hickey Research and interface architecture Edward Hoare Testing Lynne Kellar Project management and database architecture Ralph LeVan Interface Daniel Meseroll Testing Carol Miller Testing Terry Noreault Project management Kevin O'Conner Source control and mastering Michael Prasse Prototyping and interface design Georgia Tobin Prototyping, typesetting, and documentation Richard Tobin Prototyping, database, setup, and operation Ron Vu Testing William White Mainframe software Lori Yoder Database input + Page 12 + ----------------------------------------------------------------- The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is an electronic journal that is distributed on BITNET, Internet, and other computer networks. There is no subscription fee. To subscribe, send an e-mail message to LISTSERV@UHUPVM1 (BITNET) or LISTSERV@UHUPVM1.UH.EDU (Internet) that says: SUBSCRIBE PACS-P First Name Last Name. PACS-P subscribers also receive two electronic newsletters: Current Cites and Public- Access Computer Systems News. This article is Copyright (C) 1992 by Thomas B. Hickey and Terry Noreault. All Rights Reserved. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review is Copyright (C) 1992 by the University Libraries, University of Houston. All Rights Reserved. Copying is permitted for noncommercial use by computer conferences, individual scholars, and libraries. Libraries are authorized to add the journal to their collection, in electronic or printed form, at no charge. This message must appear on all copied material. All commercial use requires permission. -----------------------------------------------------------------